DCMT--CLASS NOTES--CLINICAL PRACTICE

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--ANATOMY

What is Human Anatomy:

Human Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and how the body parts are organized.

What is Human Physiology:

Human Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts.

 

Region of the Human Body :

 

The Human Body Consists of Four Region

 

1. Upper limb / Upper Extremity / Superior Limb  / Superior Extremity
2. Lower Limb / Lower Extremity / Inferior Limb / Inferior Extremity
3. Body Trunk / Thorax & Abdomen / Chest & Upper + Lower Abdomen
4. Head, Neck & Brain

Upper limb / Upper Extremity / Superior Limb  / Superior Extremity :

The Space from the top of the Shoulder Joint to the tip of the finger is known as upper limb.
Upper limb consists of Three Region & Three big Joint.

Three Region are

1. Arm
2. Fore-Arm
3. Hand

Three Big Joint are :

1. Shoulder Joint
2. Elbow Joint
3. Wrist Joint

Lower Limb / Lower Extremity / Inferior Limb / Inferior Extremity :

 

The Space from the top of the Hip Joint to the tip of the Toe is known as Lower limb.
Lower limb consists of Three Region & Three big Joint.

Three Region are

1. Thigh
2. Leg
3. Foot

Three Big Joint are:

1. Hip Joint
2.  Knee Joint
3.  Ankle Joint

Body Trunk / Thorax & Abdomen / Chest & Upper + Lower Abdomen :

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--KINESIOLOGY

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--ELECTROTHERAPY

What is Electro Therapy :

Electrotherapy or Thermotherapy is a Non-Invasive therapy designed to reduce and relieve muscle, nerve and joint pain. 

Electrotherapy is a medical modalities in which an electric current is used to perform a wide variety of tasks associated with pain, neurological disorders, muscle-related conditions, and drug delivery. Electrotherapy includes a range of medical techniques, some of which are under much debate and criticism. While electrotherapy itself is an accepted form of medical treatment, electromagnetic therapy (a subset of electrotherapy) is usually discredited due to little evidence of either positive or negative effects.

Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment. In medicine , the term electrotherapy can apply to a variety of treatments, including the use of electrical devices

Types of Electrotherapy

All electrotherapy devices have certain similarities, such as using battery power to apply current to electrodes. The therapies vary in frequencies, waveforms, and effects, however. These are some of the most commonly used kinds of electrotherapy:

Stimulating Type  Electrotherapy -

• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation  (TENS)
• Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation  (PENS)
• Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS)
• Electrical Nerve Stimulation (ENS)
• Inter-ferential Therapy (IFT)
• Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)

Heat Types Electrotherapy-

• Short Wave Diathermy
• Microwave Diathermy
• Ultrasound Therapy
• Paraffin Wax Bath 
• Infra Red Radiation

                                  ULTRA  SOUND THERAPY  OR  ULTRA  SONIC  THERAPY

Ultra Sound Therapy is defined as a form of acoustic vibration occurring at frequencies too high to be perceived by the human ear. Usually human ear can perceive frequencies below 17,000 cycles per second. So any frequency above that is defined as Ultrasound. 

Therapeutic Ultrasound is a form of medical Treatment by means of Mechanical vibrations with a frequency of above 20 K.Hz. Vibration above the frequency of 20,000 Hz is often called Ultra Sound.

The term Ultra means Different & the term Sonic or Sound are often used inter-changeably. Ultrasound waves are beyond the range of human hearing. Vibration merges with sound at frequencies around 20 Hz.Vibration below this frequency is often called Infra Sound or Infra Sonic.

Vibration Between the Frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is often Called Sound of Normal Sound.

Contra-Indication of  UST :

• Spread of Infection
• Vascular Problem
• Radio Therapy
• Specialized Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Implants
• Anaesthetic areas
• Acute Sepsis
• Tumours
• Pregnancy
• Cardiac Disease

Indication of UST :

• Soft Tissue Injury ( Sprain, Strain, Rupture, Bruise)
• Inflammatory Condition
• Scar Tissue
• Chronic Oedema
• Tendinitis, Bursitis, Capsulitis, Epicondylitis, Periarthritis, Mastitis
• Shoulder Hand Syndrome
• Neuritis & Neuralgia
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteo Arthritis
• Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Planter Fascitis
• Calcaneal Spur
• MyalgiaLymphadenitis ( Specific or non Specific)
• Tonsilitis

Danger & Precaution :

• Burns
• Cavitation
• Overdose
• Damage to Equipment

Technique of Application-

• Direct Contact
• Water Bath
• Water Bag
• Water Surface

Doses :

• 
  

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--SPORT'S MEDICINE

DCMT---CLASS NOTES--- SPEECH THERAPY

What Is Speech?

Speech is how we say sounds and words. Speech includes:

Articulation 

How we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue. For example, we need to be able to say the “r” sound to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit.”

Voice

How we use our vocal folds and breath to make sounds. Our voice can be loud or soft or high- or low-pitched. We can hurt our voice by talking too much, yelling, or coughing a lot.

Fluency 

This is the rhythm of our speech. We sometimes repeat sounds or pause while talking. People who do this a lot may stutter.

What Is Language?

Language refers to the words we use and how we use them to share ideas and get what we want. Language includes:

• What words mean. Some words have more than one meaning. For example, “star” can be a bright object in the sky or someone famous.
• How to make new words. For example, we can say “friend,” “friendly,” or “unfriendly” and mean something different.
• How to put words together. For example, in English we say, “Peg walked to the new store” instead of “Peg walk store new.”
• What we should say at different times. For example, we might be polite and say, “Would you mind moving your foot?” But, if the person does not move, we may say, “Get off my foot!”

Language and Speech Disorders

We can have trouble with speech, language, or both. Having trouble understanding what others say is a receptive language disorder. Having problems sharing our thoughts, ideas, and feelings is an expressive language disorder. It is possible to have both a receptive and an expressive language problem.

When we have trouble saying sounds, stutter when we speak, or have voice problems, we have a speech disorder.

Jorge has a speech disorder that makes him hard to understand. So does Louis. The reason Tommy has trouble is different than the reason Louis does.

Maryam has a receptive and expressive language disorder. She does not understand what words mean and has trouble using words to talk to others.

Vicki also has a language disorder. Reading and writing are language skills. She could also have problems understanding others and using words well because of her learning disability.

A speech disorder refers to a problem with the actual production of sounds.
A language disorder refers to a problem understanding or putting words together to communicate ideas.

Speech disorders include:

• Articulation disorders: difficulties producing sounds in syllables or saying words incorrectly to the point that listeners can't understand what's being said.
• Fluency disorders: problems such as stuttering, in which the flow of speech is interrupted by abnormal stoppages, partial-word repetitions ("b-b-boy"), or prolonging sounds and syllables (sssssnake).
• Resonance or voice disorders: problems with the pitch, volume, or quality of the voice that distract listeners from what's being said. These types of disorders may also cause pain or discomfort for a child when speaking.

Language disorders can be either receptive or expressive:

• Receptive disorders: difficulties understanding or processing language.
• Expressive disorders: difficulty putting words together, limited vocabulary, or inability to use language in a socially appropriate way.
• Cognitive-communication disorders: difficulty with communication skills that involve memory, attention, perception, organization, regulation, and problem solving.