ধর্ম ও ইসলাম

ধর্ম বলতে আমরা কি বুঝি : ধর্ম মানে  একজন মানুষ তার অর্জন করা প্রকৃত সু-শিক্ষা ও তার জ্ঞানের মাধ্যমে তার সৃষ্টি কর্তাকে চিনবে এবং সৃষ্টি কর্তার তৈরি এ পৃথিবীতে  তারই পাঠানো নিয়ম, নীতি ও শৃঙ্খলা অনুসারে চলবে। এই বিশ্ব ব্রহ্মান্ডে প্রত্যেক কিছুর ধর্ম আছে, যেমন সূর্যের ধর্ম পৃথিবীতে আলো দান করা, চম্বুকের ধর্ম আকর্ষণ করা। তেমনি মানব জীবন গঠনেও মানবের মানব ধর্ম রয়েছে। মানবের যদি জীবনাচরণে নিয়ম, নীতি ও শৃঙ্খলা না থাকে তবে সে পশুর সমতুল্য। মানবের মানব ধর্ম রক্ষা করতে হলে মানবের প্রথম আত্ন শুদ্ধিতা রক্ষা করতে হবে। আত্নশুদ্ধি মানে জীবনাচরনে সত্যকে প্রতিষ্ঠা করা। মানব যতদিন পর্যন্ত সত্যকে প্রতিষ্ঠা করতে পারবে না ততদিন পর্যন্ত ধর্ম নামে সত্যটা তার অন্তরে প্রবেশ করবে না।

 

আল্লাহ কে এবং আল্লাহর ধর্ম কোনটি : আল্লাহ এক ও অদ্বিতীয়। তিনিই একমাত্র উপাস্য। তিনিই কেবল আরাধনার যোগ্য। তাহলে এতগুলো ধর্ম পৃথিবীতে এলো কী করে? সন্দেহ নেই, ধর্মের উৎস আল্লাহ তায়ালা। কিন্তু মানুষ আল্লাহ তায়ালাকে ভুলে গিয়ে, আল্লাহর নির্দেশকে অগ্রাহ্য করে তার দেয়া ধর্মে এবং সেই ধর্মীয় হুকুম-আহকামে নিজেদের পার্থিব সুবিধার্থে নানা ধরনের সংযোজন-বিয়োজন করেছে। যারা এমন কাজ করেছে, তাদের উদ্দেশ্য ছিলো একটাই, একে অন্যের ওপর ক্ষমতাবান হয়ে যাওয়া। তারা আসলে আল্লাহর আধিপত্য ও ক্ষমতার কথা ভুলে গিয়েছিলো। তাদের সম্পর্কে কোরআনে ইরশাদ হয়েছে, ‘যারা কুফরি করেছে, আজ তারা তোমাদের দীনের ব্যাপারে হতাশ হয়ে গেছে। সুতরাং তোমারা তাদের ভয় করো না, বরং আমাকে ভয় করো। আজ আমি তোমাদের জন্য তোমাদের দীনকে পূর্ণ করলাম এবং তোমাদের উপর আমার নেয়ামতকে সম্পূর্ণ করে দিলাম এবং তোমাদের জন্য দীন বা ধর্ম হিসেবে ইসলামকে পছন্দ করলাম। (সুরা মায়িদা, আয়াত ৩) এটা এ কারণেই হয়েছে যে, আল্লাহ তায়ালা কাউকে ইসলাম পালনে বাধ্য করেন না। তিনি শুধু মানুষকে দুটি পথ দেখিয়ে দিয়েছেন। একটি জান্নাতের ও আরেকটি জাহান্নামের। আর মানুষকে দিয়েছেন বুদ্ধি-বিবেক। আর দিয়েছেন অবাধ স্বাধীনতা। যেনো সে তার নিজের পছন্দের পথ বেছে নিতে পারে। এ জন্যেই তিনি ইরশাদ করেছেন, ‘দীন গ্রহণে কোনো জবরদস্তি নেই। নিশ্চয় হেদায়েত স্পষ্ট হয়েছে ভ্রান্তি থেকে।....যারা ঈমান এনেছে আল্লাহ তাদের অভিভাবক, তিনি অন্ধকার থেকে তাদের আলোর দিকে বের করে আনেন। আর যারা কুফরি করে, তাদের অভিভাবক হলো শয়তান। তারা আলো থেকে তাদের বের করে নেয় অন্ধকারের দিকে। তারা জাহান্নামের বাসিন্দা, সেখানেই তারা চিরকাল থাকবে।’ (সুরা বাকারা, আয়াত ২৫৬-২৫৭) আসলে সত্যকে অস্বীকার করা এবং আল্লাহর পক্ষ হতে দেওয়া সুস্পষ্ট প্রমাণাদিকে মিথ্যা বলে উড়িয়ে দেওয়ার কারণেই মানুষ বিভিন্ন ধর্মসম্প্রদায়ে বিভক্ত হতে শুরু করেছে। যেমন কোরআনে এসেছে, ‘আর যাদের কিতাব দেয়া হয়েছে, তারা তাদের কাছে সুস্পষ্ট প্রমাণ আসার পরই মতভেদ করেছে। অথচ তাদের শুধু নির্দেশ দেয়া হয়েছিলো, যেনো তারা আল্লাহর ইবাদত করে।’ (সুরা বায়্যিনাহ, আয়াত ১-৩)
আল্লাহ তায়ালা তো একক সত্তাই। তিনি মানুষের জন্যে একক বিধানই অবতীর্ণ করেছিলেন। কিন্তু কিছু মানুষ নিজেরাই আল্লাহর প্রেরিত অহি সম্পর্কে নানা প্রোপাগান্ডা ছড়িয়েছে, তারা আল্লাহর অবতীর্ণ গ্রন্থসমূহ নিজ হাতে পরিবর্তন করেছে, তারা নবিদের নির্যাতন করেছে। এমনকি বহু নবিকে তারা হত্যাও করেছে। ইরশাদ হয়েছে, ‘এবং তাদের মধ্যে একদল রয়েছে যারা নিজেদের জিহ্বা বিকৃত করে কিতাব পাঠ করে, যাতে তোমরা সেগুলোকে কিতাবের অংশ মনে করো, অথচ তা কিতাবের অংশ নয়। তারা বলে, এটি আল্লাহর পক্ষ থেকে, অথচ তা আল্লাহর পক্ষ থেকে নয়।’ (সুরা আলে ইমরান, আয়াত ৭৮) এভাবেই একসময় মানব রচিত নানা ধর্ম মানুষের মধ্যে ছড়িয়ে পড়েছে। অথচ মানবরচিত ধর্ম আল্লাহর কাছে সবচে’ অপছন্দনীয় বিষয়, যা কোনোকালেও আল্লাহর নিকট গ্রহণযোগ্যতা পাবে না। আল্লাহ তায়ালা বলেন, ‘তারা কি আল্লাহর দীনের পরিবর্তে অন্য কিছু অনুসন্ধান করছে? অথচ আকাশ ও পৃথিবীতে যা আছে তা তাঁরই আনুগত্য করে।’ (সুরা আলে ইমরান, আয়াত ৮৩) আল্লাহ প্রেরিত নবিদের মিশন ছিলো, সব মানুষকে এক আল্লাহমুখী করা, সবাইকে এক আল্লাহর বিধানের দিকে ডাকা। তারা সবাই একত্ববাদি ছিলেন। কিন্তু মানুষ নিজেরাই আল্লাহর পথ ছেড়ে ভ্রষ্টতা পথ ধরেছে। আল্লাহ সবাইকে বোঝার তৌফিক দিন। আমিন।
 

ফিজিওথেরাপি চিকিৎসা কেন নিবেন

1.  
2. ব্যথার ঔষধ খেয়ে আপনি, আপনার কিডনি ক্ষতিগ্রস্থ করবেন না। বিজ্ঞান-ভিত্তিক, আধুনিক, মান-সম্মত ফিজিওথেরাপি চিকিৎসা গ্রহন করুন। ব্যথা মুক্ত সুস্থ ও স্বাভাবিক জীবন যাপন করুন। 
3. জম্মগত প্রতিবন্ধি ও বিকলাঙ্গ শিশুদের ফিজিওথেরাপি চিকিৎসার মাধ্যমে, তাদের স্বাভাবিক জীবনে ফিরে আসতে সহায়তা করুন।
4.  ব্যাক-পেইনে আক্রান্ত হয়ে যারা সুস্থ হওয়ার আশা ছেড়ে দিয়েছেন, বিজ্ঞান ভিত্তিক, আধুনিক ফিজিওথেরাপি চিকিৎসা নিয়ে সুস্থ ও স্বাভাবিক জীবনে ফিরে আসুন।
5.  

BACK-PAIN, PUBLIC HEALTH & PHYSIOTHERAPY

BACK-PAIN

Back Pain is pain felt in the back. Back Pain is divided into Upper Back Pain (Cervical Pain), Middle Back Pain (Thoracic Pain), Low Back Pain (Lumbar Pain), Buttock Pain ( Sacral Pain), Tail Bone Pain  (coccydynia) based on the segment affected. 

The lumbar area is the most common area for pain, as it supports most of the weight in the upper body. 

Episodes of back pain may be Acute, Sub Acute, or Chronic depending on the duration of Pain.

The pain may be characterized as a dull ache, shooting or piercing pain, or a burning sensation. Discomfort can radiate into the Upper Limbs and  as well as the Lower Limbs and may include numbness or weakness in the Upper Limbs & Lower Limbs.

Back pain typically originates from degenerative or traumatic changes to the disks and facets joints, which can then cause secondary pain in the Muscles, and Nerves, and referred pain to the Bones, joints and extremities. Diseases and inflammation of the Gallbladder, Pancreas, Aorta, and Kidney may also cause  Reffered Pain in the back. Tumors of the vertebrae, neural tissues and adjacent structures can also manifest as back pain.

Back pain is common, with about nine out of ten adults experiencing it at some point in their life, and five out of ten working adults having it every year.[4] Some estimate up to 95% of Americans will experience back pain at some point in their lifetime.[2] It is the most common cause of chronic pain, and is a major contributor of missed work and disability.[2] However, it is rare for back pain to be permanently disabling. In most cases of herniated disks and stenosis, rest, injections or surgery have similar general pain resolution outcomes on average after one year. In the United States, acute low back pain is the fifth most common reason for physician visits and causes 40% of missed days off work.[5] Additionally, it is the single leading cause of disability worldwide.[6]

Classification[edit]

Back pain may be classified by various methods to aid its diagnosis and management. The duration of back pain is considered in three categories, following the expected pattern of healing of connective tissue. Acute pain lasts up to 12 weeks, subacute pain refers to the second half of the acute period (6 to 12 weeks), and chronic pain is pain which persists beyond 12 weeks.[7]

Causes[edit]

In as many as 85% of cases, no physiological cause can be found.[8]

There are many causes of back pain, including blood vessels, internal organs, infections, mechanical, and autoimmune causes.[9] The spinal cord, nerve roots, vertebral column, can all be sources of back pain, but primary muscle problems are rarely the cause.[9] The anterior ligaments of the intervertebral disc are extremely sensitive, and even the slightest injury can cause significant pain.[10] In osteoporosis, the bones become weaker and can develop small cracks, or fractures, in the bones, resulting in pain.[11] Arthritis in the joints of the back can also result in discomfort.[11] The synovial joints of the spine (e.g. zygapophysial joints/facet joints) have been identified as the primary source of the pain in approximately one third of people with chronic low back pain, and in most people with neck pain following whiplash.[12]

Back pain can be caused by the vertebrae compressing the intervertebral discs.

Approximately 98 percent of people with back pain are diagnosed with nonspecific acute back pain in which there is no serious underlying pathology.[13] Less than 2 percent are attributed to secondary factors, with metastatic cancers and serious infections, such as spinal osteomyelitis and epidural abscesses, accounting for around 1 percent.[14]

Back pain can be divided into non-radicular pain and radiculopathy. Radiculopathy occurs when there is irritation in the nerve root, causing neurologic symptoms, such as numbness and tingling. Disk herniation and foraminal stenosis are the most common causes of radiculopathy.[9] Non-radicular back pain is most commonly caused by injury to the spinal muscles or ligaments, degenerative spinal disease, or a herniated disk.[9] Spondylosis, or spinal degeneration, occurs when the intervertebral disc undergoes degenerative changes, causing the disc to fail at cushioning the vertebrae. There is an association between intervertebral disc space narrowing and lumbar spine pain.[15] The space between the vertebrae becomes more narrow, resulting in compression and irritation of the nerves.[16] There is a weak association between low back pain and facet osteoarthritis, which has been considered as a primary reason for compression of spine nerve roots as they exit the intervertebral foramen.[15]

Back pain can also be due to referred pain from another source. Referred pain occurs when pain is felt at a location different from the source of the pain. An abdominal aortic aneurysm and ureteral colic can both result in pain felt in the back.[9]

Another possible cause of chronic back pain in people with otherwise normal scans is central sensitization, where an initial injury or infection causes a longer-lasting state of heightened sensitivity to pain. This persistent state maintains pain even after the initial injury has healed.[17] Treatment of sensitization typically involves low doses of anti-depressants.[18]

Risk factors[edit]

Obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and lack of exercise can increase a person's risk of back pain.[2] People who smoke are more likely to experience back pain than others.[19] Poor posture and weight gain in pregnancy are also risk factors for back pain. In general, fatigue can worsen pain.[2]

A few studies suggest that psychosocial factors such as on-the-job stress and dysfunctional family relationships may correlate more closely with back pain than structural abnormalities revealed in X-rays and other medical imaging scans.[20][21][22][23]

Diagnosis[edit]

In most cases of low back pain, medical consensus advises not seeking an exact diagnosis but instead beginning to treat the pain.[24] This assumes that there is no reason to expect that the person has an underlying problem.[24] In most cases, the pain goes away naturally after a few weeks.[24] Typically, people who do seek diagnosis through imaging are not likely to have a better outcome than those who wait for the condition to resolve.[24]

Laboratory testing may include white blood cell (WBC) count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP).[9]

Elevated ESR could indicate infection, malignancy, chronic disease, inflammation, trauma, or tissue ischemia.[9]

Elevated CRP levels are associated with infection.[9]

CT scan of the spine, showing calcification of the longitudinal posterior ligament.

Red flags[edit]

Imaging is not typically needed in the initial diagnosis or treatment of back pain. However, if there are certain "red flag" symptoms present plain radiographs (x-ray), CT scan, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be recommended. These red flags include:[25][9]

History of cancer

Unexplained weight loss

Immunosuppression

Urinary infection

Intravenous drug use

Prolonged use of corticosteroids

Back pain not improved with conservative management

History of significant trauma

Minor fall or heavy lift in a potentially osteoporotic or elderly individual

Acute onset of urinary retention, overflow incontinence, loss of anal sphincter tone, or fecal incontinence

Saddle anesthesia

Global or progressive motor weakness in the lower limbs

Prevention[edit]

There is moderate quality evidence that suggests the combination of education and exercise may reduce an individual's risk of developing an episode of low back pain.[26] Lesser quality evidence points to exercise alone as a possible deterrent to the risk of the onset of this condition.[26]

Management[edit]

The management goals when treating back pain are to achieve maximal reduction in pain intensity as rapidly as possible, to restore the individual's ability to function in everyday activities, to help the patient cope with residual pain, to assess for side-effects of therapy, and to facilitate the patient's passage through the legal and socioeconomic impediments to recovery. For many, the goal is to keep the pain to a manageable level to progress with rehabilitation, which then can lead to long-term pain relief. Also, for some people the goal is to use non-surgical therapies to manage the pain and avoid major surgery, while for others surgery may be the quickest way to feel better.[27]

Not all treatments work for all conditions or for all individuals with the same condition, and many find that they need to try several treatment options to determine what works best for them. The present stage of the condition (acute or chronic) is also a determining factor in the choice of treatment. Only a minority of people with back pain (most estimates are 1% - 10%) require surgery.[citation needed]

Non medical[edit]

Back pain is generally treated with non-pharmacological therapy first, as it typically resolves without the use of medication. Superficial heat and massage, acupuncture, and spinal manipulation therapy may be recommended.[28]

Heat therapy is useful for back spasms or other conditions. A review concluded that heat therapy can reduce symptoms of acute and sub-acute low-back pain.[29]

Regular activity and gentle stretching exercises is encouraged in uncomplicated back pain, and is associated with better long-term outcomes.[9] Physical therapy to strengthen the muscles in the abdomen and around the spine may also be recommended.[30] These exercises are associated with better patient satisfaction, although it has not been shown to provide functional improvement.[9] However, one study found that exercise is effective for chronic back pain, but not for acute pain. If used, they should be performed under supervision of a licensed health professional.[31]

Massage therapy may give short-term pain relief, but not functional improvement, for those with acute lower back pain.[32] It may also give short-term pain relief and functional improvement for those with long-term (chronic) and sub-acute lower pack pain, but this benefit does not appear to be sustained after 6 months of treatment.[32] There does not appear to be any serious adverse effects associated with massage.[32]

Acupuncture may provide some relief for back pain. However, further research with stronger evidence needs to be done.[33]

Spinal manipulation is a widely-used method of treating back pain.[34] Immediate benefits can be significant, but long-term benefits can be variable.[30]

"Back school" is an intervention that consists of both education and physical exercises.[35] A 2016 Cochrane review found the evidence concerning back school to be very low quality and was not able to make generalizations as to whether back school is effective or not.[35]

Medication[edit]

If non-pharmacological measures are not effective, medications may be tried.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are typically tried first.[28] NSAIDs have been shown to be more effective than placebo, and are usually more effective than paracetamol (acetaminophen).[36]

Long-term use of opioids has not been tested in order to determine if it is effective or safe for treating chronic lower back pain.[37][38] For severe back pain not relieved by NSAIDs or acetaminophen, opioids may be used.[citation needed] Opioids may not be better than NSAIDs or antidepressants for chronic back pain with regards to pain relief and gain of function.[38]

Skeletal muscle relaxers may also be used.[28] Their short term use has been shown to be effective in the relief of acute back pain.[39] However, the evidence of this effect has been disputed, and these medications do have negative side-effects.[37]

In people with nerve root pain and acute radiculopathy, there is evidence that a single dose of steroids, such as dexamethasone, may provide pain relief.[9]

Epidural corticosteroid injection (ESI) is a procedure in which steroid medications are injected into the epidural space. The steroid medications reduce inflammation and thus decrease pain and improve function.[40] ESI has long been used to both diagnose and treat back pain, although recent studies have shown a lack of efficacy in treating low back pain.[41]

Surgery[edit]

Surgery for back pain is typically used as a last resort, when serious neurological deficit is evident.[30] A 2009 systematic review of back surgery studies found that, for certain diagnoses, surgery is moderately better than other common treatments, but the benefits of surgery often decline in the long term.[42]

Surgery may sometimes be appropriate for people with severe myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome.[30] Causes of neurological deficits can include spinal disc herniation, spinal stenosis, degenerative disc disease, tumor, infection, and spinal hematomas, all of which can impinge on the nerve roots around the spinal cord.[30] There are multiple surgical options to treat back pain, and these options vary depending on the cause of the pain.

When a herniated disc is compressing the nerve roots, hemi- or partial- laminectomy or discectomy may be performed, in which the material compressing on the nerve is removed.[30] A mutli-level laminectomy can be done to widen the spinal canal in the case of spinal stenosis. A foraminotomy or foraminectomy may also be necessary, if the vertebrae are causing significant nerve root compression.[30] A discectomy is performed when the intervertebral disc has herniated or torn. It involves removing the protruding disc, either a portion of it or all of it, that is placing pressure on the nerve root.[43] Total disc replacementcan also be performed, in which the source of the pain (the damaged disc) is removed and replaced, while maintaining spinal mobility.[44] When an entire disc is removed (as in discectomy), or when the vertebrae are unstable, spinal fusion surgery may be performed. Spinal fusion is a procedure in which bone graftsand metal hardware is used to fix together two or more vertebrae, thus preventing the bones of the spinal column from compressing on the spinal cord or nerve roots.[45]

If infection, such as a spinal epidural abscess, is the source of the back pain, surgery may be indicated when a trial of antibiotics is ineffective.[30] Surgical evacuation of spinal hematoma can also be attempted, if the blood products fail to break down on their own.[30]

Pregnancy[edit]

About 50% of women experience low back pain during pregnancy.[46] Some studies have suggested women who have experienced back pain before pregnancy are at a higher risk of having back pain during pregnancy.[47] It may be severe enough to cause significant pain and disability in up to a third of pregnant women.[48][49] Back pain typically begins at around 18 weeks gestation, and peaks between 24 and 36 weeks gestation.[49] Approximately 16% of women who experienced back pain during pregnancy report continued back pain years after pregnancy, indicating those with significant back pain are at greater risk of back pain following pregnancy.[48][49]

Biomechanical factors of pregnancy shown to be associated with back pain include increased curvature of the lower back, or lumbar lordosis, to support the added weight on the abdomen.[49] Also, a hormone called relaxin is released during pregnancy that softens the structural tissues in the pelvis and lower back to prepare for vaginal delivery. This softening and increased flexibility of the ligaments and joints in the lower back can result in pain.[49] Back pain in pregnancy is often accompanied by radicular symptoms, suggested to be caused by the fetus pressing on the sacral plexus and lumbar plexus in the pelvis.[49][47]

Typical factors aggravating the back pain of pregnancy include standing, sitting, forward bending, lifting, and walking. Back pain in pregnancy may also be characterized by pain radiating into the thigh and buttocks, night-time pain severe enough to wake the patient, pain that is increased during the night-time, or pain that is increased during the day-time.[48]

Local heat, acetaminophen (paracetamol), and massage can be used to help relieve the pain. Avoiding standing for prolonged periods of time is also suggested.[50]

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--CLINICAL PRACTICE

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--ANATOMY

What is Human Anatomy:

Human Anatomy is the study of the structure of the human body and how the body parts are organized.

What is Human Physiology:

Human Physiology is the study of the functions of body parts.

 

Region of the Human Body :

 

The Human Body Consists of Four Region

 

1. Upper limb / Upper Extremity / Superior Limb  / Superior Extremity
2. Lower Limb / Lower Extremity / Inferior Limb / Inferior Extremity
3. Body Trunk / Thorax & Abdomen / Chest & Upper + Lower Abdomen
4. Head, Neck & Brain

Upper limb / Upper Extremity / Superior Limb  / Superior Extremity :

The Space from the top of the Shoulder Joint to the tip of the finger is known as upper limb.
Upper limb consists of Three Region & Three big Joint.

Three Region are

1. Arm
2. Fore-Arm
3. Hand

Three Big Joint are :

1. Shoulder Joint
2. Elbow Joint
3. Wrist Joint

Lower Limb / Lower Extremity / Inferior Limb / Inferior Extremity :

 

The Space from the top of the Hip Joint to the tip of the Toe is known as Lower limb.
Lower limb consists of Three Region & Three big Joint.

Three Region are

1. Thigh
2. Leg
3. Foot

Three Big Joint are:

1. Hip Joint
2.  Knee Joint
3.  Ankle Joint

Body Trunk / Thorax & Abdomen / Chest & Upper + Lower Abdomen :

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--THERAPEUTIC EXERCISE

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--KINESIOLOGY

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--ELECTROTHERAPY

What is Electro Therapy :

Electrotherapy or Thermotherapy is a Non-Invasive therapy designed to reduce and relieve muscle, nerve and joint pain. 

Electrotherapy is a medical modalities in which an electric current is used to perform a wide variety of tasks associated with pain, neurological disorders, muscle-related conditions, and drug delivery. Electrotherapy includes a range of medical techniques, some of which are under much debate and criticism. While electrotherapy itself is an accepted form of medical treatment, electromagnetic therapy (a subset of electrotherapy) is usually discredited due to little evidence of either positive or negative effects.

Electrotherapy is the use of electrical energy as a medical treatment. In medicine , the term electrotherapy can apply to a variety of treatments, including the use of electrical devices

Types of Electrotherapy

All electrotherapy devices have certain similarities, such as using battery power to apply current to electrodes. The therapies vary in frequencies, waveforms, and effects, however. These are some of the most commonly used kinds of electrotherapy:

Stimulating Type  Electrotherapy -

• Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation  (TENS)
• Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation  (PENS)
• Electrical Muscle Stimulation (EMS)
• Electrical Nerve Stimulation (ENS)
• Inter-ferential Therapy (IFT)
• Pulsed Electromagnetic Field Therapy (PEMF)

Heat Types Electrotherapy-

• Short Wave Diathermy
• Microwave Diathermy
• Ultrasound Therapy
• Paraffin Wax Bath 
• Infra Red Radiation

                                  ULTRA  SOUND THERAPY  OR  ULTRA  SONIC  THERAPY

Ultra Sound Therapy is defined as a form of acoustic vibration occurring at frequencies too high to be perceived by the human ear. Usually human ear can perceive frequencies below 17,000 cycles per second. So any frequency above that is defined as Ultrasound. 

Therapeutic Ultrasound is a form of medical Treatment by means of Mechanical vibrations with a frequency of above 20 K.Hz. Vibration above the frequency of 20,000 Hz is often called Ultra Sound.

The term Ultra means Different & the term Sonic or Sound are often used inter-changeably. Ultrasound waves are beyond the range of human hearing. Vibration merges with sound at frequencies around 20 Hz.Vibration below this frequency is often called Infra Sound or Infra Sonic.

Vibration Between the Frequency of 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz is often Called Sound of Normal Sound.

Contra-Indication of  UST :

• Spread of Infection
• Vascular Problem
• Radio Therapy
• Specialized Tissue
• Nervous Tissue
• Implants
• Anaesthetic areas
• Acute Sepsis
• Tumours
• Pregnancy
• Cardiac Disease

Indication of UST :

• Soft Tissue Injury ( Sprain, Strain, Rupture, Bruise)
• Inflammatory Condition
• Scar Tissue
• Chronic Oedema
• Tendinitis, Bursitis, Capsulitis, Epicondylitis, Periarthritis, Mastitis
• Shoulder Hand Syndrome
• Neuritis & Neuralgia
• Rheumatoid Arthritis
• Osteo Arthritis
• Ankylosing Spondylitis
• Planter Fascitis
• Calcaneal Spur
• MyalgiaLymphadenitis ( Specific or non Specific)
• Tonsilitis

Danger & Precaution :

• Burns
• Cavitation
• Overdose
• Damage to Equipment

Technique of Application-

• Direct Contact
• Water Bath
• Water Bag
• Water Surface

Doses :

• 
  

DCMT--CLASS NOTES--SPORT'S MEDICINE

DCMT---CLASS NOTES--- SPEECH THERAPY

What Is Speech?

Speech is how we say sounds and words. Speech includes:

Articulation 

How we make speech sounds using the mouth, lips, and tongue. For example, we need to be able to say the “r” sound to say "rabbit" instead of "wabbit.”

Voice

How we use our vocal folds and breath to make sounds. Our voice can be loud or soft or high- or low-pitched. We can hurt our voice by talking too much, yelling, or coughing a lot.

Fluency 

This is the rhythm of our speech. We sometimes repeat sounds or pause while talking. People who do this a lot may stutter.

What Is Language?

Language refers to the words we use and how we use them to share ideas and get what we want. Language includes:

• What words mean. Some words have more than one meaning. For example, “star” can be a bright object in the sky or someone famous.
• How to make new words. For example, we can say “friend,” “friendly,” or “unfriendly” and mean something different.
• How to put words together. For example, in English we say, “Peg walked to the new store” instead of “Peg walk store new.”
• What we should say at different times. For example, we might be polite and say, “Would you mind moving your foot?” But, if the person does not move, we may say, “Get off my foot!”

Language and Speech Disorders

We can have trouble with speech, language, or both. Having trouble understanding what others say is a receptive language disorder. Having problems sharing our thoughts, ideas, and feelings is an expressive language disorder. It is possible to have both a receptive and an expressive language problem.

When we have trouble saying sounds, stutter when we speak, or have voice problems, we have a speech disorder.

Jorge has a speech disorder that makes him hard to understand. So does Louis. The reason Tommy has trouble is different than the reason Louis does.

Maryam has a receptive and expressive language disorder. She does not understand what words mean and has trouble using words to talk to others.

Vicki also has a language disorder. Reading and writing are language skills. She could also have problems understanding others and using words well because of her learning disability.

A speech disorder refers to a problem with the actual production of sounds.
A language disorder refers to a problem understanding or putting words together to communicate ideas.

Speech disorders include:

• Articulation disorders: difficulties producing sounds in syllables or saying words incorrectly to the point that listeners can't understand what's being said.
• Fluency disorders: problems such as stuttering, in which the flow of speech is interrupted by abnormal stoppages, partial-word repetitions ("b-b-boy"), or prolonging sounds and syllables (sssssnake).
• Resonance or voice disorders: problems with the pitch, volume, or quality of the voice that distract listeners from what's being said. These types of disorders may also cause pain or discomfort for a child when speaking.

Language disorders can be either receptive or expressive:

• Receptive disorders: difficulties understanding or processing language.
• Expressive disorders: difficulty putting words together, limited vocabulary, or inability to use language in a socially appropriate way.
• Cognitive-communication disorders: difficulty with communication skills that involve memory, attention, perception, organization, regulation, and problem solving.